ࡱ> ?A>7 fbjbjUU "*7|7|fl~~~~~~~  ,2N (v v v v v  <>>>>>>$ xb~ v v b ~~v v w ~v ~v < < @ :,~~hv B Mxx J B  h0R h ~~~~Audio CD Format Try putting an audio CD in your computer and look at it with Windows Explorer or DOS dir. What do you find? Track01.cda Track17.cda Each file is 44 bytes. The times appear to give the length of each track in minutes. Look at the properties for a track. For example, the time created for track07.cda is 12:22:12; track08.cda has a creation time of 12:26:16. The difference is 4:04, which is the length of track 7. Open a track using a hex editor. It starts with RIFF, the identifier for Microsoft Resource Interchange File Format. This is a multimedia format that provides a framework for combining other formats. This composite format can include bitmaps, audio, and video. RIFF files have several different extensions: AVI: Audio / visual interleaved data WAV: Waveform data RDI: Bitmapped data RMI: MIDI information BND: A bundle of other RIFF files CDA: Compact disk audio RIFF is based on Electronic Arts Interchange File Format (IFF) In the example, track09 has a chunk size of 0x00000024 or 36. The first 8 bytes of this is ASCII CDDAfmt . The next four bytes are 18 00 00 00. The remaining 24 bytes are: Offset Length Description 00h 02h CDA file version. Currently equals 1. If it has other value, following data may be out of date. 02h 02h Number of track. 04h 04h CD disc serial number (the one stored in CDPLAYER.INI) 08h 04h Beginning of the track in HSG format. 0Ch 04h Length of the track in HSG format. 10h 04h Beginning of the track in Red-Book format. 14h 04h Length of the track in Red-Book format. As you see, time is represented in two formats: HSG and Red-Book. HSG can be calculated as following: time = minute * 4500 + second * 75 + frame Red-book is much easier to use, because it contains minutes, seconds and frames in unmodified form, byte-packed: Offset Length Description 00h 01h Frame 01h 01h Second 02h 01h Minute 03h 01h not used [The above information is from Wojtek Kaniewski 1997] Audio Quality Professional: Sampled at 48 KHz, uses top quality electronics. Compact Disk: Sampled at 44.1 KHz for compatibility with videotape. Developed in the late 1970s. Broadcast FM stereo: Developed in the 1940s. Good for most material; broadcast is a monaural signal with a separate lower-quality signal to recover the stereo difference. Broadcast AM: A simpler technology Voice: Telephones typically transmit a narrow band of frequencies. CD Formats During the 1970s several companies investigated formats for digital audio. In order to avoid the format wars of videotape and quadraphonic sound, Philips and Sony proposed a joint standard. As the uses for CDs have expanded, Philips has issued additional reference books. CD-ROM [Compact Disk Read Only Memory] 1982Red bookDigital Audio (CDDA)1984Yellow bookBasic data application1987Green bookCD interactive1989CD-ROM-XAExtended architecture1993White bookCD-video [Karaoke]1995Blue bookEnhanced CD or CD-plus; combines data and CDDA The 1991 Orange book covers CD recordable and erasable. The standard CD is 12 cm in diameter and 1.2 mm thick. All CDs store data in the same way, so that the 1s and 0s can be read by any player. Data are stored as a line of elongated pits on a spiral track. The pits have lower reflectivity than the land area of the disc and can be detected when illuminated by a laser beam. A change from pit to land or vice-versa is a logical 1. No change [continuous land or pit] is a logical 0. The reflective layer containing the information is sandwiched between two polycarbonate layers. The label side is thinner and more subject to mechanical damage. A CD holds about 74 minutes of audio or 650 MB of data. For more information, go to  HYPERLINK "http://www.cdrfaq.org/" http://www.cdrfaq.org/ DVD DVD, announced in 1995, is the next generation of optical storage. It is used by the Sony PlayStation 2 and Microsoft Xbox. Over 2 hours of high-quality digital video (a double-sided, dual-layer disc can hold 8 hours of high-quality video, or 30 hours of VHS quality video). Support for widescreen movies on standard or widescreen TVs (4:3 and 16:9 aspect ratios). Up to 8 tracks of digital audio (for multiple languages, DVS, etc.), each with as many as 8 channels. Up to 32 subtitle/karaoke tracks. Automatic "seamless" branching of video (for multiple story lines or ratings on one disc). Up to 9 camera angles (different viewpoints can be selected during playback). Menus and simple interactive features (for games, quizzes, etc.). Multilingual identifying text for title name, album name, song name, cast, crew, etc. Instant rewind and fast forward Instant search to title, chapter, music track, and timecode. DVD can give near-studio quality video and better than CD audio. DVD video usually uses MPEG-2 compression. The data density is about four times that of CD. Dual layer DVDs have two layers of data, both read from the same side. The top layer is semi-transparent so that the lower layer can be read through it. Such disks can hold 4 hours of video. There are also double-sided disks that must be physically flipped to play the other side. These are less common. The DVD specification requires the ability to read dual layer disks. A single layer, single sided 12 cm DVD holds 4.37 GB. (4.7 billion bytes) Computer DVD-ROM drives can read CD-ROM. All DVD players can read audio CD-DA. 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